Kukhona izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile eziyishumi nesikhombisa - eziyishumi nanhlanu zazo ama-lanthanides futhi ezimbili zazo ziyizinsimbi eziguqukayo, i-yttrium ne-scandium - ezitholakala ne-lanthanides futhi zifana ngamakhemikhali. I-Samarium (Sm) ne-Neodymium (Nd) yizinto ezimbili ezivame ukusetshenziswa kakhulu zomhlaba ezingavamile ekusebenzeni kazibuthe. Ngokuqondile, i-Samarium ne-Neodymium yizinto ezilula ezingavamile zomhlaba (LREE) eqenjini le-cerium earths. Ozibuthe be-Samarium Cobalt kanye ne-Neodymium alloy bahlinzeka ngezilinganiso ezingcono kakhulu ze-force-to-weight ezisetshenziswa zezimboni nezohwebo.

Izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zivame ukutholakala ndawonye endaweni efanayo yediphozithi yamaminerali, futhi lezi zimali ziningi. Ngaphandle kwe-promethium, azikho izici zomhlaba eziyivelakancane eziyivelakancane. Isibonelo, i-samarium iyingxenye yama-40 eningi kakhulu etholakala kumaminerali omhlaba. I-Neodymium, njengezinye izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane, yenzeka kumadiphozi ensimbi amancane angafinyeleleki kalula. Nokho, lesi sakhi somhlaba esiyivelakancane sivame kakhulu njengethusi futhi siningi kunegolide.

Ngokuvamile, izakhi zomhlaba ezingavamile zanikezwa amagama azo ngezizathu ezimbili ezihlukene, nokho ezibalulekile. Ukuvela kokuqala okungaba khona kwamagama kuncike ekuntulekeni okucatshangwayo kokuqala kwazo zonke izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane eziyishumi nesikhombisa. I-etymology yesibili ephakanyisiwe ivela enqubweni enzima yokuhlukanisa ingxenye ngayinye yomhlaba eyivelakancane nensimbi yayo yamaminerali.

I-Neodymium Rare Earth Magnet SquareIncane futhi enzima ukufinyelela amadiphozi ensimbi aqukethe izakhi zomhlaba eziyivelakancane ibe nomthelela ekuqanjweni kokuqala kwezakhi eziyishumi nesikhombisa. Igama elithi “earths” limane lisho idiphozithi yamaminerali eyenzeka ngokwemvelo. Ukushoda okungokomlando kwalezi zakhi kwenza ukuqanjwa kwamagama kwangagwemeka. Njengamanje, i-China ihlangabezana cishe no-95% wesidingo somhlaba wonke somhlaba ongavamile - izimayini kanye nokucwenga cishe amathani ayi-100,000 metric yomhlaba ongavamile ngonyaka. I-United States, i-Afghanistan, i-Australia, neJapane nazo zinezindawo zokulondoloza umhlaba ezingavamile.

Incazelo yesibili yezinto ezingavamile zomhlaba ezibizwa ngokuthi “umhlaba ongavamile” kwakungenxa yobunzima kuzo zombili izinqubo zokumbiwa kwezimayini nokucwengisiswa, okwakuvame ukwenziwa ngekristalu. Igama elithi “akuvamile” ngokomlando lifana nelithi “nzima.” Ngenxa yokuthi izinqubo zabo zokumbiwa kwezimayini nokucwengisiswa kwazo zazingelula, abanye ochwepheshe basikisela ukuthi igama elithi “umhlaba ongavamile” lasetshenziswa kulezi zakhi eziyishumi nesikhombisa ngenxa yalokho.

Ozibuthe be-Samarium Cobalt I-Samarium Cobalt Izibuthe Zomhlaba Ezingavamile kanye Nozibuthe bomhlaba abayivelakancane be-Neodymium ababizi ngendlela enqatshelwe futhi abashodi. Ilebula yabo njengezizibuthe “zomhlaba ongavamile” akufanele kube isizathu esiyinhloko sokukhetha noma ukwehlisela lezi zibuthe ezinhlelweni zezimboni noma ezentengiso. Ukusetshenziswa okungaba khona kwanoma iyiphi yalezi zibuthe kufanele kukalwe ngokucophelela ngokuya ngokusetshenziswa okuhlosiwe, futhi ngokuya ngezinto eziguquguqukayo ezifana nokubekezelela ukushisa. Ukuqokwa kozibuthe njengokuthi “umhlaba ongavamile” kuphinde kuvumele ukuhlukaniswa okujwayelekile kwakho kokubili omazibuthe be-SmCo kanye nozibuthe be-Neo ndawonye uma kushiwo eceleni kozibuthe bendabuko be-Alnico noma ozibuthe be-Ferrite.